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Morphology and behavior
The spiny dogfish has dorsal spines, no anal fin, and white spots along its back. The caudal fin has asymmetrical lobes, forming a heterocercal tail. The species name acanthias refers to the shark's two spines. These are used defensively. If captured, the shark can arch its back to pierce its captor. Glands at the base of the spines secrete a mild poison.
Males mature at around 11 years of age, growing to 80100Â cm (2.63.3Â ft) in length; females mature in 1821 years and are slightly larger than males, reaching 98.5159Â cm (3.235.22Â ft). Both sexes are greyish brown in color and are countershaded. Males are identified by a pair of pelvic fins modified as sperm-transfer organs, or "claspers". The male inserts one clasper into the female cloaca during copulation.
Reproduction is aplacental viviparous, which was before called ovoviviparity. Fertilization is internal. The male inserts one clasper into the female oviduct orifice and injects sperm along a groove on the clasper's dorsal section. Immediately following fertilization, the eggs are surrounded by thin shells called "candles" with one candle usually surrounding several eggs. Mating takes place in the winter months with gestation lasting 2224 months (the longest of any vertebrate). Litters range between 2 and 11 but average 6 or 7.
Commercial use
Spiny dogfish are fished for food in Europe, the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Chile. The meat is primarily consumed in England, France, the Benelux countries and Germany. The fins and tails are processed into fin needles and are used in less expensive versions of shark fin soup in Chinese cuisine. In England this and other dogfish are sold in fish and chip shops as "rock salmon" or "huss", in France it is sold as "small salmon" (saumonette) and in Belgium and Germany it is sold as "sea eel" (zeepaling and Seeaal, respectively). It is also used as fertilizer, liver oil, and pet food, and, because of its availability and manageable size, as a popular vertebrate dissection specimen, in both high schools and universities.
Conservation Status & Management
Once the most abundant shark species in the world, populations of Squalus acanthias have declined significantly. They are classified in the IUCN Red List of threatened species as Vulnerable globally and Critically Endangered in the Northeast Atlantic, meaning stocks around Europe have decreased by at least 95%. This is a direct result of overfishing to supply northern Europe's taste for Rock Salmon, Saumonette or Zeepaling. Despite these alarming figures, very few management or conservation measures are in place for Squalus acanthias. In EU waters, a Total Allowable Catch (TAC) has been in place since 1999, but until 2007 it only applied to ICES Areas IIa and IV. It was also set well above the actual weight of fish being caught until 2005, rendering it meaningless. Currently (2009), the TAC stands at 316t for ICES Areas IIa & IV, 104t for ICES Area IIIa and 1,002t for ICES Areas I, V - VIII, XII & XIV. In addition, a maximum landing size of 100Â cm has been imposed in order to protect the most valuable mature females. The European Commission has stated that the TAC for 2010 will be set at 0t, ending targeted fishing for the species in EU waters. It remains to be seen if populations will be able to recover.
In the recent past the European market for spiny dogfish has increased dramatically, which led to the overfishing and decline of the species. This drastic increase led to the creation and implementation of many fishery management policies placing restrictions on the fishing of spiny dogfish. However, since the species is a late maturing fish, it takes a while to rebuild the population.
In 2010, Greenpeace International has added the spiny dogfish to its seafood red list. "The Greenpeace International seafood red list is a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries."
See also
List of sharks
References
^ Kindersley, Dorling (2001,2005). Animal. New York City: DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.Â
^ Fordham, S; Fowler, S.L; Coelho, R; Goldman, K.J; Francis, M; 2006. Squalus acanthias. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org
^ Greenpeace International Seafood Red list
Fordham et al. (2006). Squalus acanthias. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is vulnerable
Squalus acanthias (TSN 160617). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 24 January 2006.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Squalus acanthias" in FishBase. 10 2005 version.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Squalus acanthias
Spiny dogfish attacked by North Pacific Giant Octopus
Spiny dogfish at Animal Diversity Web
v d e
Extant shark species
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii
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Order Hexanchiformes
Chlamydoselachidae
Chlamydoselachus
Frilled shark (C. anguineus)Â Southern African frilled shark (C. africana)
Hexanchidae
(Cow sharks)
Heptranchias
Sharpnose sevengill shark (H. perlo)
Hexanchus
Bluntnose sixgill shark (H. griseus)Â Bigeyed sixgill shark (H. nakamurai)
Notorynchus
Broadnose sevengill shark (N. cepedianus)
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Order Squaliformes
Centrophoridae
(Gulper sharks)
Centrophorus
Needle dogfish (C. acus)Â Dwarf gulper shark (C. atromarginatus)Â Gulper shark (C. granulosus)Â Dumb gulper shark (C. harrissoni)Â Blackfin gulper shark (C. isodon)Â Lowfin gulper shark (C. lusitanicus)Â Smallfin gulper shark (C. moluccensis)Â Taiwan gulper shark (C. niaukang)Â Leafscale gulper shark (C. squamosus)Â Mosaic gulper shark (C. tessellatus)Â Little gulper shark (C. uyato)
Deania
Birdbeak dogfish (D. calcea)Â Rough longnose dogfish (D. hystricosa)Â Arrowhead dogfish (D. profundorum)Â Longsnout dogfish (D. quadrispinosum)
Dalatiidae
Euprotomicroides
Taillight shark (E. zantedeschia)
Heteroscymnoides
Longnose pygmy shark (H. marleyi)
Mollisquama
Pocket shark (M. parini)
Dalatias
Kitefin shark (D. licha)
Isistius
Cookiecutter shark (I. brasiliensis)Â South China cookiecutter shark (I. labialis)Â Largetooth cookiecutter shark (I. plutodus)
Euprotomicrus
Pygmy shark (E. bispinatus)
Squaliolus
Smalleye pygmy shark (S. aliae)Â Spined pygmy shark (S. laticaudus)
Echinorhinidae
Echinorhinus
Bramble shark (E. brucus)Â Prickly shark (E. cookei)
Etmopteridae
Aculeola
Hooktooth dogfish (A. nigra)
Centroscyllium
Highfin dogfish (C. excelsum)Â Black dogfish (C. fabricii)Â Granular dogfish (C. granulatum)Â Bareskin dogfish (C. kamoharai)Â Combtooth dogfish (C. nigrum)Â Ornate dogfish (C. ornatum)Â Whitefin dogfish (C. ritteri)
Etmopterus
(Lantern sharks)
New Zealand lanternshark (E. baxteri) Blurred lanternshark (E. bigelowi) Shorttail lanternshark (E. brachyurus) Lined lanternshark (E. bullisi) E. burgessi Cylindrical lanternshark (E. carteri) Tailspot lanternshark (E. caudistigmus) Combtooth lanternshark (E. decacuspidatus) Pink lanternshark (E. dianthus) E. dislineatus Blackmouth lanternshark (E. evansi) Pygmy lanternshark (E. fusus) Broadbanded lanternshark (E. gracilispinis) Southern lanternshark (E. granulosus) Caribbean lanternshark (E. hillianus) Smalleye lantern shark (E. litvinovi) Blackbelly lanternshark (E. lucifer) Slendertail lanternshark (E. molleri) Dwarf lanternshark (E. perryi) African lanternshark (E. polli) Great lanternshark (E. princeps) False lanternshark (E. pseudosqualiolus) Smooth lanternshark (E. pusillus) Dense-scale lantern shark (E. pycnolepis) West Indian lanternshark (E. robinsi) Fringefin lanternshark (E. schultzi) Thorny lanternshark (E. sentosus) Velvet belly lantern shark (E. spinax) Splendid lanternshark (E. splendidus) Tasmanian lanternshark (E. tasmaniensis) Brown lanternshark (E. unicolor) Hawaiian lanternshark (E. villosus) Green lanternshark (E. virens)
Miroscyllium
Rasptooth dogfish (M. sheikoi)
Trigonognathus
Viper dogfish (T. kabeyai)
Oxynotidae
(Rough sharks)
Oxynotus
Prickly dogfish (O. bruniensis)Â Caribbean roughshark (O. caribbaeus)Â Angular roughshark (O. centrina)Â Japanese roughshark (O. japonicus)Â Sailfin roughshark (O. paradoxus)
Somniosidae
(Sleeper sharks)
Centroscymnus
Portuguese dogfish (C. coelolepis)Â Shortnose velvet dogfish (C. cryptacanthus)Â Roughskin dogfish (C. owstoni)
Centroselachus
Longnose velvet dogfish (C. crepidater)
Proscymnodon
Largespine velvet dogfish (P. macracanthus)Â Plunket shark (P. plunketi)
Scymnodalatias
Whitetail dogfish (S. albicauda)Â Azores dogfish (S. garricki)Â Sparsetooth dogfish (S. oligodon)Â Sherwood dogfish (S. sherwoodi)
Scymnodon
Smallmouth velvet dogfish (S. obscurus)Â Knifetooth dogfish (S. ringens)
Somniosus
Greenland shark (S. microcephalus)Â Pacific sleeper shark (S. pacificus)Â Little sleeper shark (S. rostratus)
Zameus
Japanese velvet dogfish (Z. ichiharai)Â Velvet dogfish (Z. squamulosus)
Squalidae
(Dogfish sharks)
Cirrhigaleus
Roughskin spurdog (C. asper)Â Mandarin dogfish (C. barbifer)
Squalus
(Spurdogs)
Spiny dogfish (S. acanthias) Eastern highfin spurdog (S. albifrons) S. acutirostris Western highfin spurdog (S. altipinnis) Longnose spurdog (S. blainville) Fatspine spurdog (S. crassispinus) Cuban dogfish (S. cubensis) Eastern longnose spurdog (S. grahami) Japanese spurdog (S. japonicus) Shortnose spurdog (S. megalops) Blacktailed spurdog (S. melanurus) Shortspine spurdog (S. mitsukurii) Bartail spurdog (S. notocaudatus) Western longnose spurdog (S. nasutus) Cyrano spurdog (S. rancureli)
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Order Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)
Pristiophoridae
Pliotrema
Sixgill sawshark (P. warreni)
Pristiophorus
Longnose sawshark (P. cirratus)Â Tropical sawshark (P. delicatus)Â Japanese sawshark (P. japonicus)Â Shortnose sawshark (P. nudipinnis)Â Bahamas sawshark (P. schroederi)Â Eastern Australian sawshark (Pristiophorus peroniensis)Â Philippine sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. C)Â Dwarf sawshark (Pristiophorus sp. D)
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Order Squatiniformes (Angel sharks)
Squatinidae
Squatina
Sawback angelshark (S. aculeata) African angelshark (S. africana) Eastern Australian angelshark (Squatina albipunctata) Argentine angelshark (S. argentina) Chilean angelshark (S. armata) Australian angelshark (S. australis) Pacific angelshark (S. californica) Sand devil (S. dumeril) Taiwan angelshark (S. formosa) Angular angel shark (S. guggenheim) S. heteroptera Japanese angelshark (S. japonica) Indonesian angelshark (S. legnota) Cortez angelshark (S. mexicana) Clouded angelshark (S. nebulosa) Smoothback angelshark (S. oculata) S. punctata Western Australian angelshark (Squatina pseudocellata) Angelshark (S. squatina) Ornate angelshark (S. tergocellata) Ocellated angelshark (S. tergocellatoides)
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Order Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)
Heterodontidae
Heterodontus
Horn shark (H. francisci)Â Crested bullhead shark (H. galeatus)Â Japanese bullhead shark (H. japonicus)Â Mexican hornshark (H. mexicanus)Â Oman bullhead shark (H. omanensis)Â Port Jackson shark (H. portusjacksoni)Â Galapagos bullhead shark (H. quoyi)Â Whitespotted bullhead shark (H. ramalheira)Â Zebra bullhead shark (H. zebra)
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Order Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)
Brachaeluridae
Brachaelurus
Blind shark (B. waddi)
Heteroscyllium
Bluegrey carpetshark (H. colcloughi)
Ginglymostomatidae
(Nurse sharks)
Ginglymostoma
Nurse shark (G. cirratum)
Nebrius
Tawny nurse shark (N. ferrugineus)
Pseudoginglymostoma
Short-tail nurse shark (P. brevicaudatum)
Hemiscylliidae
(Bamboo sharks)
Chiloscyllium
Arabian carpetshark (C. arabicum)Â Burmese bamboo shark (C. burmensis)Â Bluespotted bamboo shark (C. caerulopunctatum)Â Grey bamboo shark (C. griseum)Â Hasselt's bamboo shark (C. hasseltii)Â Slender bamboo shark (C. indicum)Â Whitespotted bamboo shark (C. plagiosum)Â Brownbanded bamboo shark (C. punctatum)
Hemiscyllium
Indonesian speckled carpetshark (H. freycineti) H. galei Papuan epaulette shark (H. hallstromi) H. henryi Epaulette shark (H. ocellatum) Hooded carpetshark (H. strahani) Speckled carpetshark (H. trispeculare)
Orectolobidae
(Wobbegongs)
Eucrossorhinus
Tasselled wobbegong (E. dasypogon)
Orectolobus
Floral banded wobbegong (O. floridus)Â Banded wobbegong (O. halei)Â Western wobbegong (O. hutchinsi)Â Japanese wobbegong (O. japonicus)Â Spotted wobbegong (O. maculatus)Â Ornate wobbegong (O. ornatus)Â Dwarf spotted wobbegong (O. parvimaculatus)Â Network wobbegong (O. reticulatus)Â Northern wobbegong (O. wardi)
Sutorectus
Cobbler wobbegong (S. tentaculatus)
Parascylliidae
(Collared carpet sharks)
Cirrhoscyllium
Barbelthroat carpetshark (C. expolitum)Â Taiwan saddled carpetshark (C. formosanum)Â Saddle carpetshark (C. japonicum)
Parascyllium
Collared carpetshark (P. collare)Â Rusty carpetshark (P. ferrugineum)Â Ginger carpetshark (P. sparsimaculatum)Â Necklace carpetshark (P. variolatum)
Rhincodontidae
Rhincodon
Whale shark (R. typus)
Stegostomatidae
Stegostoma
Zebra shark (S. fasciatum)
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Order Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)
Hemigaleidae
(Weasel sharks)
Hemipristis
Snaggletooth shark (H. elongata)
Chaenogaleus
Hooktooth shark (C. macrostoma)
Hemigaleus
Australian weasel shark (H. australiensis)Â Sicklefin weasel shark (H. microstoma)
Paragaleus
Whitetip weasel shark (P. leucolomatus)Â Atlantic weasel shark (P. pectoralis)Â Slender weasel shark (P. randalli)Â Straight-tooth weasel shark (P. tengi)
Leptochariidae
Leptocharias
Barbeled houndshark (L. smithii)
Proscylliidae
(Finback sharks)
Ctenacis
Harlequin catshark (C. fehlmanni)
Eridacnis
Cuban ribbontail catshark (E. barbouri)Â Pygmy ribbontail catshark (E. radcliffei)Â African ribbontail catshark (E. sinuans)
Proscyllium
Graceful catshark (P. habereri)Â P. venustum
Pseudotriakidae
Gollum
Slender smooth-hound (G. attenuatus)
Pseudotriakis
False catshark (P. microdon)
Sphyrnidae
(Hammerhead sharks)
Eusphyra
Winghead shark (E. blochii)
Sphyrna
Scalloped bonnethead (S. corona)Â Whitefin hammerhead (S. couardi)Â Scalloped hammerhead (S. lewini)Â Scoophead (S. media)Â Great hammerhead (S. mokarran)Â Bonnethead (S. tiburo)Â Smalleye hammerhead (S. tudes)Â Smooth hammerhead (S. zygaena)
Triakidae
(Houndsharks)
Furgaleus
Whiskery shark (F. macki)
Galeorhinus
School shark (G. galeus)
Gogolia
Sailback houndshark (G. filewoodi)
Hemitriakis
Deepwater sicklefin hound shark (H. abdita)Â Sicklefin hound shark (H. falcata)Â Japanese topeshark (H. japanica)Â Whitefin topeshark (H. leucoperiptera)Â Ocelate topeshark (Hemitriakis Sp.A)
Hypogaleus
Blacktip tope (H. hyugaensis)
Iago
Longnose houndshark (I. garricki)Â Bigeye houndshark (I. omanensis)Â Lowfin houndshark (Iago Sp.A)
Mustelus
(Smooth-hounds)
M. albipinnis Gummy shark (M. antarcticus) Starry smooth-hound (M. asterias) Grey smooth-hound (M. californicus) Dusky smooth-hound (M. canis) Sharptooth smooth-hound (M. dorsalis) Striped smooth-hound (M. fasciatus) Spotless smooth-hound (M. griseus) Brown smooth-hound (M. henlei) Smalleye smooth-hound (M. higmani) Spotted estuary smooth-hound (M. lenticulatus) Sicklefin smooth-hound (M. lunulatus) Starspotted smooth-hound (M. manazo) Speckled smooth-hound (M. mento) M. minicanis Arabian smooth-hound (M. mosis) Common smooth-hound (M. mustelus) Narrowfin smooth-hound (M. norrisi) Whitespotted smooth-hound (M. palumbes) Blackspotted smooth-hound (M. punctulatus) M. ravidus Narrownose smooth-hound (M. schmitti) Gulf smoothhound (M. sinusmexicanus) Humpback smooth-hound (M. whitneyi) M. widodoi
Scylliogaleus
Flapnose houndshark (S. quecketti)
Triakis
Sharpfin houndshark (T. acutipinna)Â Spotted houndshark (T. maculata)Â Sharptooth houndshark (T. megalopterus)Â Banded houndshark (T. scyllium)Â Leopard shark (T. semifasciata)
Carcharhinidae
Large family listed below
Scyliorhinidae
Large family listed below
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Family Carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks)
Carcharhinus
Blacknose shark (C. acronotus)Â Silvertip shark (C. albimarginatus)Â Bignose shark (C. altimus)Â Graceful shark (C. amblyrhynchoides)Â Grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos)Â Pigeye shark (C. amboinensis)Â Borneo shark (C. borneensis)Â Copper shark (C. brachyurus)Â Spinner shark (C. brevipinna)Â Nervous shark (C. cautus)Â Whitecheek shark (C. dussumieri)Â Silky shark (C. falciformis)Â Creek whaler (C. fitzroyensis)Â Galapagos shark (C. galapagenisis)Â Pondicherry shark (C. hemiodon)Â Finetooth shark (C. isodon)Â Smooth tooth blacktip shark (C. leiodon)Â Bull shark (C. leucas)Â Blacktip shark (C. limbatus)Â Oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus)Â Hardnose shark (C. macloti)Â Blacktip reef shark (C. melanopterus)Â Dusky shark (C. obscurus)Â Caribbean reef shark (C. perezii)Â Sandbar shark (C. plumbeus)Â Smalltail shark (C. porosus)Â Blackspot shark (C. sealei)Â Night shark (C. signatus)Â Spottail shark (C. sorrah)Â Australian blacktip shark (C. tilstoni)
Galeocerdo
Tiger shark (G. cuvier)
Glyphis
(River sharks)
Ganges shark (G. gangeticus)Â Northern river shark (G. garricki)Â Speartooth shark (G. glyphis)Â Irrawaddy river shark (G. siamensis)Â Borneo river shark (Glyphis sp. B)
Isogomphodon
Daggernose shark (I. oxyrhynchus)
Lamiopsis
Broadfin shark (L. temminckii)
Loxodon
Sliteye shark (L. macrorhinus)
Nasolamia
Whitenose shark (N. velox)
Negaprion
Sicklefin lemon shark (N. acutidens)Â Lemon shark (N. brevirostris)
Prionace
Blue shark (P. glauca)
Rhizoprionodon
Milk shark (R. acutus)Â Brazilian sharpnose shark (R. lalandii)Â Pacific sharpnose shark (R. longurio)Â Grey sharpnose shark (R. oligolinx)Â Caribbean sharpnose shark (R. porosus)Â Australian sharpnose shark (R. taylori)Â Atlantic sharpn .Are you looking full ebook about this topicGet Full Ebook For This Article
